Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring around the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis)

Mimicry is usually understood to be an adaptive resemblance between phylogenetically distant groups of species. In this study, we focus on Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, which are often viewed as a continuum rather than distinct phenomena, forming so-called Batesian-Müllerian mimicry rings. Despite potent defence wide environmental niche hornets, little attention has been paid them potential models in research. We propose ring the Oriental hornet ( Vespa orientalis , Hymenoptera: Vespidae) consisting eight species that coexist Mediterranean region. To reveal general ecological patterns, reviewed their geographical distribution, phenology, natural history. accordance with ‘model-first’ theory, mimics occurred later during season mimics. case mimic Volucella zonaria (Diptera: Syrphidae), presume temperature-driven range expansion could lead allopatry its model, and, potentially, less accurate alternative European crabro : Vespidae). Colour morphs polymorphic Cryptocheilus alternatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Delta unguiculatum Rhynchium oculatum Scolia erythrocephala Scoliidae) appear display distribution possibly driven by sympatry from ) complex. General coevolution patterns heterogenous temporally dynamic environments discussed, based observations proposed ring.